# Sermorelin Research References

> Complete Sermorelin reference list — 22 peer-reviewed citations with DOIs and PubMed URLs, from the 1993 Kerkhofs sleep study to the 2025 Nature Reviews Endocrinology GHRH review.

Every quantitative claim on this site cites a peer-reviewed source. The full Sermorelin reference list below includes PMIDs and DOIs for verification. Sources span from the 1993 Kerkhofs sleep physiology study to the 2025 Nature Reviews Endocrinology comprehensive GHRH review.

## References

[1] US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) Briefing Document — Sermorelin regulatory history. FDA PCAC Briefing Document. 2024. https://www.fda.gov/media/182088/download

[2] Thorner M, Rochiccioli P, Colle M, Lanes R, Grunt J, Galazka A, Landy H, Eengrand P, Shah S. Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1996;81(3):1189-1196. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.81.3.8772599 PMID: 8772599 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8772599/

[3] Kirk JM, Trainer PJ, Majrowski WH, Murphy J, Savage MO, Besser GM. Treatment with GHRH(1-29)NH2 in children with idiopathic short stature induces a sustained increase in growth velocity. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 1994;41(4):487-493. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02580.x PMID: 7955460 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7955460/

[4] Vitiello MV, Moe KE, Merriam GR, Mazzoni G, Buchner DH, Schwartz RS. Treating age-related changes in somatotrophic hormones, sleep, and cognition. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2001;3(3):229-238. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2001.3.3/mvvitiello PMID: 22034239 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181657/

[5] Walker RF. Sermorelin: A better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2006;1(4):307-308. DOI: 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.307 PMID: 18046908 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2699646/

[6] Halmos G, Szabo Z, Dobos N, Juhasz E, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and its signaling. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s11154-025-09952-x PMID: 39934495 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12137518/

[7] Soule S, King JA, Millar RP. Incorporation of D-Ala2 in growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 increases the half-life and decreases metabolic clearance in normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1994;79(4):1208-1210. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.79.4.7962295 PMID: 7962295 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7962295/

[8] Kerkhofs M, Van Cauter E, Van Onderbergen A, Caufriez A, Thorner MO, Copinschi G. Sleep-promoting effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal men. American Journal of Physiology. 1993;264(4 Pt 1):E594-598. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.4.E594 PMID: 8476038 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8476038/

[9] Sigalos JT, Pastuszak AW, Allison A, Ohlander SJ, Herati A, Lindgren MC, Lipshultz LI. Growth Hormone Secretagogue Treatment in Hypogonadal Men Raises Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Levels. American Journal of Men's Health. 2017;11(6):1752-1757. DOI: 10.1177/1557988317718662 PMID: 28830317 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5675260/

[10] Koutkia P, Canavan B, Breu J, Torriani M, Kissko J, Grinspoon S. Growth hormone-releasing hormone in HIV-infected men with lipodystrophy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(2):210-218. DOI: 10.1001/jama.292.2.210 PMID: 15249570 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15249570/

[11] Stanley TL, Chen CY, Branch KL, Makimura H, Grinspoon SK. Effects of a Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analog on Endogenous GH Pulsatility and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011;96(1):150-158. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1587 PMID: 20943777 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3038486/

[12] Makimura H, Feldpausch MN, Rope AM, Hemphill LC, Torriani M, Lee H, Grinspoon SK. Metabolic Effects of a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor in Obese Subjects with Reduced Growth Hormone Secretion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012;97(12):4491-4499. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2794 PMID: 23015655 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3513535/

[13] Giustina A, Veldhuis JD. The role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of Growth Hormone secretion: mechanisms and clinical significance. Endocrine Reviews. 1998;19(5):647-648. DOI: 10.1210/edrv.19.6.0353 PMID: 9861545 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861545/

[14] Bioactive Peptides Research Group. Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms. Biomolecules. 2024;14(3):264. DOI: 10.3390/biom14030264 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10968328/

[15] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thøgersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998;139(5):552-561. DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1390552 PMID: 9849822 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/

[16] Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Stirling HF, Kelnar CJ, Savage MO, Dunger DB, Buckler JM, Shalet SM. Treatment of radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency with growth hormone-releasing hormone. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 1997;46(5):571-577. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.1790998.x PMID: 9231053 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9231053/

[17] Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, Steenblock C, Cai R, Sha W, Ghigo E, Hare JM, Bornstein SR, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2025. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01052-1 PMID: 39537825 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39537825/

[18] Vitiello MV, Moe KE, Merriam GR, Mazzoni G, Buchner DH, Schwartz RS. Treating age-related changes in somatotrophic hormones, sleep, and cognition [estrogen-status subgroup data]. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2001;3(3):229-238. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2001.3.3/mvvitiello PMID: 22034239 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181657/

[19] Cui T, Jimenez JJ, Block NL, Badiavas EV, Rodriguez-Menocal L, Vila Granda A, Cai R, Sha W, Zarandi M, Perez R, Schally AV. Agonistic analogs of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) promote wound healing by stimulating the proliferation and survival of human dermal fibroblasts through ERK and AKT pathways. Oncotarget. 2016;7(40):65172-65185. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11024 PMID: 27494841 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5288139/

[20] Theodorakis N, Kreouzi M, Hitas C, Anagnostou D, Nikolaou M. Growth Hormone and Heart Failure: Implications for Patient Stratification, Prognosis, and Precision Medicine. Diagnostics. 2024;14(24):2831. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14242831 PMID: 39767192 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11675863/

[21] Meta-analysis team. Body composition, hepatic fat, metabolic, and safety outcomes of Tesamorelin, a GHRH analogue, in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2025. DOI: 10.1002/oby.24266 PMID: 41545261 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41545261/

[22] Kanashiro-Takeuchi RM, Takeuchi LM, Dulce RA, Kazmierczak K, Balkan W, Cai R, Sha W, Schally AV, Hare JM. Efficacy of a growth hormone-releasing hormone agonist in a murine model of cardiometabolic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. American Journal of Physiology — Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2023;324(5):H674-H687. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00601.2022 PMID: 36897749 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36897749/

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A bright, plain-spoken digest of the peer-reviewed Sermorelin record — GHRH(1-29) literature sorted and cited, no clinic behind the name.